{"id":31635,"date":"2019-06-12T04:00:17","date_gmt":"2019-06-12T09:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/civileats.com\/?p=31635"},"modified":"2019-10-28T17:29:26","modified_gmt":"2019-10-28T22:29:26","slug":"regenerating-the-soil-transformed-this-indiana-farm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/civileats.com\/2019\/06\/12\/regenerating-the-soil-transformed-this-indiana-farm\/","title":{"rendered":"Regenerating the Soil Transformed this Indiana Farm"},"content":{"rendered":"

When yogurt maker Dannon (part of Danone North America) announced in 2016 that it would transition some of its products to non-GMO verification, the company had to find farmers to provide non-GMO feed for the dairy cows that produce milk for its yogurt. This was no easy task, because the vast majority of feed in the U.S. is produced from genetically modified corn and soybeans.<\/p>\n

One of the farmers the company signed up with is Rick Clark, a fifth-generation farmer in Warren County, Indiana, located in the west-central part of the state, between the Wabash River and the Illinois state line. Clark\u2019s family has lived on the farm since the 1880s, and today the farm encompasses 7,000 acres.<\/p>\n

While Clark produces non-GMO corn and alfalfa for Dannon, as well as profitable cash crops, including non-GMO soybeans for a Cargill facility in Lafayette, Indiana, he does much more than that: he has also developed a unique system for building soil health. Across his property, Clark uses regenerative practices including diverse crop rotations, no-till methods, and cover cropping, and he is striving toward the tough task of combining no-till practices with organic certification.<\/p>\n

Clark is one of a small but growing number of farmers who are adopting regenerative agricultural practices to build soil health. (Others include Gabe Brown<\/a> in North Dakota and David Brandt<\/a> in Ohio, who were featured in David Montgomery\u2019s book about regenerative agriculture<\/a>, Growing a Revolution<\/a><\/em>.) His farm offers a practical, proven example of how regenerative farming methods can transform agriculture.<\/p>\n

\"Rick

\u201cDiversification drives the system,\u201d he says. \u201cI care deeply about building soil health and will sacrifice yield to maintain soil health.\u201d<\/p>\n

Big brands and organizations are paying attention. In 2017, Clark was honored as Dannon\u2019s Sustainable Farmer of the Year<\/a>. More recently, Land O\u2019 Lakes honored him with an Outstanding Sustainability Award<\/a>, and he was also a regional winner of the American Soybean Association\u2019s Conservation Legacy Award<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Greg Downing<\/a>, an agronomist with Cisco Farm Seed, who has worked with Clark for several years, calls Clark\u2019s commitment to soil health \u201c150 percent.\u201d \u201cI think Rick saw early on that building soil health was simple: that when you have something growing all the time and are doing crop rotations, you are doing good things to the soil,\u201d Downing says. \u201cYou are going to regenerate a lot of life, biology, as well as minerals.\u201d<\/p>\n

According to Downing, a key to Clark\u2019s success is his willingness to experiment and find the best ways of doing things. \u201cThere are no barriers for Rick,\u201d he says. \u201cThere is no textbook saying you should do this and shouldn\u2019t do that. For him, there\u2019s always better, there\u2019s always more, and finding out how to do more. He\u2019s an experimenter with capital \u2018E.\u2019 When you talk about the phrase \u2018thinking outside the box,\u2019 well, I don\u2019t really think Rick has ever been in a box.\u201d<\/p>\n

Because of his success, Clark\u2019s farm was also chosen, along with 15 other farms in the U.S., as research subjects for soil health experts as part of Danone North America\u2019s $6 million soil health research project<\/a>. The project aims to identify ways to regenerate soils and provide training in soil health best practices to farmers.<\/p>\n

Tina Owens, senior director of agriculture at Danone North America, cites Clark as one of the project\u2019s \u201cshining examples.\u201d \u201cThis is real on-the-ground change we are talking about, and we have seen first-hand that Rick exemplifies that level of change,\u201d Owens says. \u201cWhen we talk to other farmers and other growers in our network, we refer to Rick as an example of the right things to do.\u201d<\/p>\n

Clark is happy to share his knowledge of regenerative agriculture with other farmers. He is often asked to speak at conferences and presented at the National No-Till Conference<\/a> this past January in Indianapolis. As soil health gains traction among farmers nationwide, Clark is confident that others can succeed as he has. \u201cI\u2019m just a farmer in Indiana,\u201d he says, \u201cand if other farmers have a plan and care about building soil health, they can achieve these things, too.\u201d<\/p>\n

Soil-Friendly Practices, Like \u2018Farming Green\u2019<\/h4>\n

Clark says he learned soil health practices from a neighbor. \u201cWe conversed about what he was doing, and when I had the opportunity to have total control of the farm [in 2010], we switched everything to no-till and cover crops,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Additionally, Clark has planted all non-GMO crops since 2014, when a nearby dairy asked him to grow non-GMO corn for feed, resulting in his partnership with Dannon. Non-GMO seed is cheaper and yields as much as GMO seed, Clark says. (Because conventional row crop agriculture is so dominated by genetically modified seed, there is very little research into the benefits of growing non-GMO seed.) Beyond the economic incentives, Clark says, \u201cI just prefer to not plant GMO seed, and I want to have a symbiotic relationship with Mother Nature.\u201d<\/p>\n

Clark has also put in place a number of practices aimed at increasing soil health, which he defines simply as \u201cdecreasing inputs and increasing yield.\u201d \u201cIf your inputs are going down, and your yields are going up, how can you not be building soil health?\u201d he says. \u201cThat is exactly what this farm is doing.\u201d<\/p>\n

First, he rotates his crops. In addition to adding nutrients such as nitrogen to the soil, crop rotation interrupts pest and disease cycles, reducing weeds, insects, and the need for chemical pesticides. One-third of Clark\u2019s farm is in a three-year rotation with corn, soybeans, and wheat. Another third is in a four-year crop rotation\u2014corn, soybeans, wheat, and alfalfa\u2014for a dairy that produces milk for Dannon. And the final third is in transition to organic.<\/p>\n

Secondly, Clark practices no-till farming<\/a>. By not plowing, which disturbs the soil, the farming method reduces soil erosion and sequesters carbon, which mitigates climate change. He has practiced no-till farming with corn for 10 years and soybeans for 15 years.<\/p>\n

And finally, Clark has planted diverse \u201ccocktails\u201d of cover crops for the last 10 years. Each fall before the next spring\u2019s planting, he plants a mixture he calls \u201cgunslinger\u201d on his corn fields. The mix includes five crops that each performs a necessary function for soil health: Haywire forage oats build biomass to protect the soil; sorghum sudangrass promotes the growth of beneficial mycorrhizal fungi; tillage radish helps break up compacted soil; and Austrian winter peas and balansa clover add nitrogen, an essential nutrient. On his soybean fields, he plants cover crops such as cereal rye in the fall before planting soybeans the next spring.<\/p>\n

\"Field

As with his main cash crops, Clark emphasizes the importance of cover crop diversity. \u201cI\u2019m going to put out as many things as I possibly can in that cocktail for diversification. \u201cWe can fall into a trap of a monoculture in cover crops just like we can fall into a trap of monoculture in cash crops.\u201d<\/p>\n

He plants corn and soybeans directly into the cover crops in the spring, a practice he calls \u201cfarming green.\u201d \u201cWe will not plant our corn or soybean crops unless it is into green growing cover crops,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

He has realized many benefits from farming green. Planting cover crops has helped build organic matter and improve soil health, which has increase crop yields. \u201cWe\u2019re extremely profitable,\u201d Clark says of his farm. The practice has also improved water infiltration, because rain penetrates into the soil instead of running off, and it has created a protective \u201carmor\u201d for the soil by adding nitrogen, preventing erosion, and smothering and out competing weeds.<\/p>\n

\"Corn

Since he began farming green, Clark has dramatically decreased the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. \u201cWe use no seed treatments, no insecticides, and no fungicides,\u201d he says. \u201cWe are to the point where we have nearly eliminated synthetic fertilizers. We only use a little nitrogen on our non-GMO crops. So our cost of production is extremely low.\u201d<\/p>\n

Transition to Organic<\/h4>\n

After reducing chemical inputs, the next logical step would be to grow organic, and Clark is doing that for the challenge. \u201cI also want to continue to make the farm better for the next generation,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

He is transitioning 2,000 acres and will have 400 acres certified organic this month. He plans to grow organic corn using his system of cover crops and no-till.<\/p>\n

Clark admits that practicing no-till in organic is a challenge. Few organic farmers practice no-till farming; many continue to plow their fields to eliminate weeds. \u201cSome people think [no-till organic] sounds crazy, but that\u2019s normal for me,\u201d Clark says. \u201cIf I can get this figured out, it should be a pretty big deal.\u201d<\/p>\n

Many farmers who convert to organic face challenges selling their transitional crops, but Clark has an advantage: \u201cI can use alfalfa as my transition acres,\u201d he says. \u201cIt is easy to grow, and I can sell it to the dairy.\u201d<\/p>\n

Clark is confident he can produce strong yields of organic corn this year, his first producing a certified organic crop. \u201cAt $10 a bushel [paid for organic corn], that is quite a return on your investment,\u201d he says. Conventional corn currently earns around $4.23 per bushel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Regenerative, Not Sustainable, Agriculture<\/h4>\n

Regenerative agriculture, with its focus on soil health, is a major trend, and Clark is on the leading edge. But he doesn\u2019t use the word \u201csustainable\u201d to describe his practices. \u201cThat means staying the same,\u201d he says. \u201cI prefer the word \u2018regenerative,\u2019 and I have a systematic approach to regenerative farming.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Rick

Regenerative agriculture is about creating balance, he explains. \u201cThe fungus-to-bacteria ratio is getting in balance. Predator-to-prey insects [are] getting in balance. That is why I don\u2019t need to use insecticides,\u201d he says. \u201cI don\u2019t have the imbalance of corn rootworm eating my roots\u2014I have the predator that preys on corn rootworm in my system.\u201d<\/p>\n

With the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization recently warning<\/a> that more than 90 percent of the earth\u2019s soils could be degraded by 2050, there is an urgent need for the soil-building practices of Rick Clark and like-minded farmers.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have got to figure out a way to stop this erosion and losing our topsoil, because it\u2019s not coming back,\u201d Clark said. \u201cI hope that I can build a system that can be adopted across different regions. I\u2019m not trying say my system is better than anyone else\u2019s; I\u2019m just saying that the system I\u2019m working on is working for me and my farm, and I think it could work for other farms. We can all make a difference for being good stewards of the land, building soil health, and being conservationists.\u201d<\/p>\n

A version<\/a> of this article appeared in The Organic & Non-GMO Report<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Top photo: Rick Clark standing in his field of crimson and balansa clover cover crops. (All photos courtesy of Rick Clark.)<\/em><\/p>\n

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When yogurt maker Dannon (part of Danone North America) announced in 2016 that it would transition some of its products to non-GMO verification, the company had to find farmers to provide non-GMO feed for the dairy cows that produce milk for its yogurt. 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