{"id":55603,"date":"2024-03-11T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/civileats.com\/?p=55603"},"modified":"2024-12-10T13:00:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-10T21:00:49","slug":"fungi-are-helping-farmers-unlock-the-secrets-of-soil-carbon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/civileats.com\/2024\/03\/11\/fungi-are-helping-farmers-unlock-the-secrets-of-soil-carbon\/","title":{"rendered":"Fungi Are Helping Farmers Unlock the Secrets of Soil Carbon"},"content":{"rendered":"

A version of this article originally appeared in The Deep Dish, our members-only newsletter.\u00a0Become a member today<\/a> and get the next issue directly in your inbox.\u00a0<\/em>This article was also produced as a radio story by our media partner <\/i>Public News Service<\/i><\/a>, reaching millions of listeners. Take a listen here<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>

Timothy Robb peers into a microscope to reveal the underground realm of the living and dying within a fistful of soil. On the glass slide, he sees clumps of golden-brown minerals and organic matter particles, like pebbled splotches of ink. Nearly everything else in the landscape is a microbe, a motley crew of roving shapes, preparing to eat or be eaten. Hairy orbs of protozoa glide around in search of snacks in the flecks of bacteria scattered all around. A nematode, a microscopic worm, thrashes through the scene in a hurry. A tubular strand of fungi stands still, perhaps absorbing the dust of dead plants. <\/p><\/div>

\n

\u201cThis is called shadow microscopy,\u201d says Robb, the co-owner of\u00a0Compostella Farm<\/a>\u00a0in southern Mississippi, bringing the microorganisms into focus. It\u2019s a way of viewing living specimens under an oblique light, so they appear backlit and magnified, like a shadow box theater. Just prior to this, he diluted the sample in water and shook it, like a \u201churricane or earthquake, any biblical catastrophe motion for that soil.\u201d This broke apart the soil\u2019s structure so he could see everything holding it together, like the dark brown curl of fungi.<\/p>\n

\"Soil<\/a>

Soil microorganisms busy decomposing, magnified by shadow microscopy.
\n(Photo credit: Timothy Robb)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n

\u201cThis is what a really good, healthy fungi strand looks like,\u201d he says. Its uniform, segmented structure, thickness, and color are often good signs, though he adds that it\u2019s not a hard and fast rule, just clues that this might be an architect of healthy soil.<\/p>\n

As a vegetable farmer, Robb is mostly in the business of life. But his interest in building healthy soil led him down into this shadowy world of decay, where microbes shuffle carbon and nutrients in an endless cycle that sustains all life on Earth. This world appears chaotic at first glance, but Robb insists that it is elegant. An orderly marketplace, really. He\u2019s been working to understand and strengthen this underground economy to replenish his soil.<\/p>\n

Researchers have increasingly recognized how essential fungi are to sequestering carbon in the soil and some have come to appreciate the outsized role they play in supporting crop health, mitigating climate change, and even sheltering crops from disease. As fungi\u2019s vast benefits come to light, more farmers are tapping into this vital network, learning how to work with beneficial fungi to encourage its growth in the soil, swapping tilling for microscopes.<\/p>\n

This growing interest in fungal networks on farms quietly challenges the underpinnings of U.S. agriculture. The prevailing model involves taking care of the crop\u2019s nutritional needs with chemicals, bumping up the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in an effort to maximize the yield of the crop. Farm ecosystems are controlled with herbicides that kill weeds and fungicides that kill the fungi in the soil. Common practices, like tilling the soil, disturb the fungal networks and then deepen the dependence on chemical inputs.<\/p>\n

“It\u2019s a criticism of how agriculture is currently conducted, and it\u2019s a methodology of introducing the microorganisms that are absent from the soil.”<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re reliant on these cheap inputs that are no longer cheap,\u201d says soil ecologist Adam Cobb, whose\u00a0research<\/a>\u00a0focuses on mycorrhizal fungi. He notes that farmers are then subject to the whims of a global market, which tends to skyrocket in price during geopolitical conflicts.<\/p>\n

These chemical-based practices degrade the soil over time, stripping it of its ability to cycle carbon and nutrients without its supportive network of decomposers. But working to both protect and encourage fungi on farms is a way to reverse course. Robb sees his work of coaxing beneficial fungi back into the soil, which he largely learned from an online program called the\u00a0Soil Food Web School<\/a>, as both a challenge to mainstream agriculture and as a way forward to restore agricultural soils.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a criticism of how agriculture is currently conducted,\u201d says Robb. \u201cAnd it\u2019s a methodology of introducing the microorganisms that are absent from the soil\u2014the chain of organisms that release different minerals from rocks, clay, or silt particles in the soil.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Nutrient-for-Carbon Exchange<\/h4>\n<\/div>

Fungi are effectively merchants of carbon. In the soil, they give plants the water and nutrients they need, while the plants provide fungi with carbohydrates (i.e., carbon) from photosynthesis. Fungi can act like a second set of roots, extending the plant\u2019s ability to draw in water and nutrients. <\/p><\/div>

\n

Mycorrhizal fungi, which encompass\u00a0thousands of species<\/a>, can form large, underground networks,<\/i>\u00a0connected by branching filaments called hyphae, threading through the soil in every direction. One type of this fungi, known as arbuscular mycorrhizal, attaches directly to the cell membranes of a plant\u2019s root, facilitating a smooth delivery. Other microbes in the soil, like protozoa and nematodes, participate in this cycling, too, digesting fungi and bacteria to release their nutrients in a more available form to plants.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe microbes engineered habitats around the plant roots that would be high in organic matter and make it more efficient for them to be able to obtain water and nutrients that they could then\u2013in this carbon economy\u2013essentially sell it to the plant,\u201d says\u00a0Kris Nichols<\/a>, a leading researcher on soil microbiology. \u201cIt\u2019s really an economic relationship.\u201d<\/p>\n

This relationship becomes especially interesting when business is booming\u2014when the plants are delivering a lot of carbon into the soil that is used to build larger and larger fungal networks while distributing carbon across the soil profile. The carbon accumulates in the soil in many forms, from fungal cell walls to soil aggregates, or pellets of very alive soil that Nichols describes as \u201clittle microbial towns,\u201d like economic hubs.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Fungi<\/a>

Fungi threading through the soil of Compostella Farm in Mississippi. (Photo credit: Grey Moran)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\n

When these microbial communities develop, mycorrhizal fungi use their hard-earned carbon to build a protective coating around them, sheltering them from disturbances while more stably storing carbon. To the naked eye, these pellets look like crumbs in the soil.<\/p>\n

The accumulation of carbon in the soil effectively slows the carbon cycle, causing carbon to linger in the ground for a longer period of time rather than quickly releasing into the atmosphere, where it takes the form of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas driving climate change. That\u2019s the goal of what\u2019s been popularly described as \u201cclimate-friendly farming,\u201d or regenerative agriculture: keeping as much carbon in the soil for as long as possible, in part by keeping these underground networks undisturbed.<\/p>\n

And increasingly, fungi have gained scientific recognition for their essential role in slowing this life-ending and -giving cycle. A recent study found that the world\u2019s mycorrhizal fungi store the equivalent of\u00a0a third<\/a>\u00a0of fossil-fuel emissions.<\/p>\n

How Farmers Can Tap Into Fungal Networks<\/h4>\n<\/div>

Peering through the microscope, Robb\u2019s task is relatively simple: He counts and measures each microbe\u2014fungi, nematodes, protozoa, and bacteria\u2014to understand the microbial relationships in the soil and gauge its health. He also looks for the indicators of beneficial fungi and a diversity of microbes: different colors, lengths, and shapes. <\/p><\/div>

\n

“You\u2019re introducing millions of fungi and bacteria species to the soil. And that\u2019s as far as the management really needs to go.”<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

There\u2019s no shortage of bacteria on the slide. It\u2019s common for agricultural soils to be dominated by bacteria, which Robb is hoping to shift on his farm, building a more balanced ratio of fungi to bacteria in his soil. It\u2019s not that bacteria should be scorned; they too are important decomposers that collaborate with fungi. But it\u2019s hard to beat fungi at its game, rightfully a kingdom of its own. Fungi, more complex organisms, are more efficient at storing carbon across vast networks in the soil and more effective at delivering nutrients for certain plants.<\/p>\n

The ratio of fungi to bacteria depends on the plants, explains Robb. He mostly grows salad greens across 3 acres of farmland. For his bok choy, mustards, and kale, he\u2019s aiming for a 1-to-3 ratio of fungi to bacteria, but his lettuce requires a bit more fungi, closer to 1-to-1. He steeps the compost like a tea, extracting the microorganisms in water, and then runs it through his irrigation system.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou’re introducing millions of fungi and bacteria species to the soil. And that\u2019s as far as the management really needs to go, because once the plant gets established, then it\u2019s controlling [the relationship with the microbes],\u201d says Robb. He\u2019s essentially just giving a plant options, a pool of microbes at its service.<\/p>\n

In addition to applying compost tea, Robb supports fungal life by creating mulch from wood chips, which the fungi help decompose.<\/p>\n

Robb shows me a pile of wood chips softening in the sun. It\u2019s just 3 months old, but already threaded with fine white hairs of saprophytic fungi, resembling a cobweb. \u201cWhen you can see it visually like this, what you’re actually seeing are like thousands of strands wrapped around each other,\u201d says Robb, given that hypha are just several microns in size.<\/p>\n

Before planting, he\u2019ll also coat his seeds in a mycorrhizal treatment, a powder of spores. This inoculates this critical, network-building fungi in the soil. So as soon as the plant germinates, the fungi will be available to swap nutrients for carbon. Periodically, he\u2019ll feed the fungi, adding liquid kelp, fish hydrolysate, and humic and fulvic acids to encourage its growth.<\/p>\n

Every month or so, Robb peers at a soil sample under the microscope, assessing his progress. It has been about a year since he bought his first microscope and began surveying the local microbes. Most of his soil still isn\u2019t where he\u2019d like it to be, still dominated by bacteria, but it\u2019s steadily improving. He essentially started from scratch on sandy soil that couldn\u2019t hold onto much water or nutrients.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Rows<\/a>

Rows of salad greens growing on Compostella Farm in Mississippi. (Photo credit: Grey Moran)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\n

The most visible marker of improvement, at least to the naked eye, might be the crops themselves. A couple years ago, he observed \u201ca precipitous decline in the quality\u201d of his vegetables. They were yellowing and stunted. His lettuce was drooping. Disease was a regular occurrence. This prompted him to look into how to build soil that could hold onto more nutrients, which led him to fungi.<\/p>\n

So far, his focus on improving decomposition has improved the health of his crops\u2014now, rows of mostly bright green, leafing, upright crops emerge from dark brown, lush soil.<\/p>\n

A Symbiotic Relationship That Predates Humans<\/h4>\n<\/div>

The critical relationship between fungi and plants dates back 470 million years, when aquatic plants first transitioned to land. It was a barren landscape, without trees or soil, just endless sand, silt, and clay.<\/p><\/div>

\n

\u201cWe had a very mineral land base, but we didn\u2019t have soil,\u201d said microbiologist Kris Nichols. As plants began washing up on shore, it\u2019s thought that mycorrhizal fungi helped them siphon nutrients and water, providing what they needed to move to land, in a symbiotic relationship for the ages.<\/p>\n

“We know that this relationship existed,\u201d said Nichols. \u201cWe have the genetic markers and we have the fossilized plant roots to be able to see, structurally, that it has been this same type of relationship for hundreds of millions of years.\u201d<\/p>\n

It has taken a while for the role of fungi in supporting plants and soil health to gain mainstream scientific recognition, however. Elaine Ingham, a pioneer in the field of soil microbiology, recalls facing pushback in the early 1980s when she proposed researching the role of soil microorganisms for her dissertation at Colorado State University. She met with her professors to propose her field of inquiry, only to be sternly dismissed.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey\u2019d look me in the eye and say, \u2018You don’t know what you’re talking about. Bacteria and fungi in the soil\u2014they’re just there. They don\u2019t do anything,\u2019\u201d she recalls. \u201cAll of them agreed that I was endangering my ability to get a job at the other end of my research project.\u201d<\/p>\n

But Ingham was undeterred. \u201cI wanted to understand what bacteria and fungi in the soil were there for,\u201d she says. \u201cIn all the literature I looked at, you couldn’t find anything about what these organisms in the soil actually do.\u201d With the blessing of her advisor, she was allowed to pursue a dissertation\u00a0project<\/a>, along with her husband Russell Ingham, studying how soil fungi, bacteria, and nematodes interact with plants.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe like to think of these wood chips as encouraging the fungi from the native forest around to come into our fields and partner with our orchards and with our crops.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

It was the start of her life’s work to help peel back the layers of the mysterious world of microbes within the soil. To date, the vast majority of the millions of fungi species on Earth remain unknown by scientists, but it\u2019s now abundantly clear that many fungi play a critical role in soil health. Ingram, who grew up on a farm, now works with farmers to reintroduce soil fungi through the Soil Food Web School.<\/p>\n

Robb came to learn how to work with fungi on his farm when he stumbled upon the school by chance in a footnote of a book. He attended the program without a background in science, but it didn\u2019t take him long to feel comfortable behind a microscope. It was an \u201caha moment\u201d when he realized his soil was depleted of fungi and other microbes\u2014with this, he had the clarity of a diagnosis.<\/p>\n

The Vast, Untapped Potential of Fungi<\/h4>\n<\/div>

While the Soil Food Web School is one approach, there are practically infinite ways to work with beneficial fungi and microorganisms on farms. Many practices associated with regenerative agriculture and long-standing Indigenous methods encourage fungi. Even if not measured with a microscope, there are signs of fungi at work\u2014like dark, spongious soil. <\/p><\/div>

\n
\"The<\/a>

The roots of a cowpea plant, with fungi stained in blue, under a microscope.(Photo credit: Adam Cobb)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n

\u201cWe never leave our soil bare. It is always covered with straw, leaf mold, or wood chips,\u201d says Leah Penniman, the co-founder of Soul Fire Farm in upstate New York. \u201cWe like to think of these wood chips as encouraging the fungi from the native forest around to come into our fields and partner with our orchards and with our crops.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2006, when she started Soul Fire Farm, the soil was very degraded and the organic matter\u2014which includes soil carbon\u2014was only at 3 percent. But they\u2019ve since increased it to 10 percent to 12 percent in some areas. \u201cThat has been through a partnership with fungi,\u201d Penniman says. Slowly but surely, fungi have emerged from the forest, building carbon in the soil.<\/p>\n

Robb also thinks of the forest on the outskirts of his fields. The trees have a relationship with mycorrhizal fungi and microbes that take care of all their needs, without any human intervention. \u201cThose are nitrogen-rich plants, and nobody’s applying fertilizer,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

He currently adds organic nitrogen to his farm, but hopes to add less and less, allowing the fungi and microbes to increasingly take over in tending to his crops.<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A version of this article originally appeared in The Deep Dish, our members-only newsletter.\u00a0Become a member today and get the next issue directly in your inbox.\u00a0This article was also produced as a radio story by our media partner Public News Service, reaching millions of listeners. Take a listen here. \u201cThis is called shadow microscopy,\u201d says […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1028,"featured_media":55590,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4146,4479,12433],"tags":[],"coauthors":[11198],"class_list":["post-55603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-farming","category-regenerative-agriculture"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFungi Are Helping Farmers Unlock the Secrets of Soil Carbon | Civil Eats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"By tapping into underground fungal networks, farmers are learning how to build lush, spongy soil that supports healthy plants and stores carbon underground.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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