{"id":63608,"date":"2025-04-22T01:00:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T08:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/civileats.com\/?p=63608"},"modified":"2025-04-22T11:02:14","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T18:02:14","slug":"an-ancient-irrigation-system-may-help-farmers-face-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/civileats.com\/2025\/04\/22\/an-ancient-irrigation-system-may-help-farmers-face-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"An Ancient Irrigation System May Help Farmers Face Climate&nbsp;Change"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>A version of this article originally appeared in The Deep Dish, our members-only newsletter.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/become-a-member\">Become a member today<\/a>\u00a0and get the next issue directly in your inbox.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"post-simple post-capital-letter\"><p>On a stormy spring day, Devon Pe\u00f1a stood atop a sagebrush-covered hill and looked down on Colorado\u2019s San Luis Valley. Dark clouds had unleashed a deluge just a few hours earlier, but now they hovered over the mountains, veiling the summits above.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"post-simple\">\n<p>Below, rows of long, narrow fields extended from Culebra Creek toward a man-made channel, the main artery of the valley\u2019s centuries-old \u201cacequia\u201d irrigation system. This was the \u201cPeople\u2019s Ditch,\u201d a <a href=\"https:\/\/waterknowledge.colostate.edu\/water-history\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/waterknowledge.colostate.edu\/water-history\/\">waterway<\/a> holding the oldest continuous water right in Colorado. The channel carried water from tributaries of the Rio Grande, high in the Sangre de Cristo mountains, down to the fields below.<\/p>\n<p>There, the flow was diverted into smaller ditches that irrigated fields of alfalfa, cabbage, and potatoes, the water seeping naturally through the earthen walls. In the San Luis Valley as a whole, 130 gravity-flow ditches irrigated 30,000 acres of farmland and 10,000 acres of wetlands.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is an incredibly productive, resilient, and sustainable system,\u201d said Pe\u00f1a, founder of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acequiainstitute.org\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.acequiainstitute.org\/\">The Acequia Institute<\/a>, a nonprofit that supports environmental and food justice in southern Colorado.<\/p>\n<div class=\"post-quote\"><p>\u201c[Water managers] are starting to appreciate us a lot more than they did 20 or 30 years ago when they thought we were backward, primitive, and inefficient.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The acequia system was <a href=\"https:\/\/online.nmartmuseum.org\/nmhistory\/people-places-and-politics\/water\/history-water.html#:~:text=By%2520the%2520turn%2520of%2520the,well%2520into%2520the%252021st%2520century.\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/online.nmartmuseum.org\/nmhistory\/people-places-and-politics\/water\/history-water.html#:~:text=By%2520the%2520turn%2520of%2520the,well%2520into%2520the%252021st%2520century.\">once dismissed<\/a> by Western water managers. But as a changing climate brings increasing drought and aridification to the Southwest, <a href=\"https:\/\/fulbright-chronicles.com\/issues\/3-1\/traditional-irrigation-systems-as-a-solution-to-climate-change\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/fulbright-chronicles.com\/issues\/3-1\/traditional-irrigation-systems-as-a-solution-to-climate-change\/\">time-tested solutions<\/a> like this one could hold the key to mitigating the worst impacts of climate change, especially in rural communities.<\/p>\n<p>\u201c[Water managers] are starting to appreciate us a lot more than they did 20 or 30 years ago when they thought we were backward, primitive, and inefficient,\u201d Pe\u00f1a said.<\/p>\n<h4><b>An Ancient History<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/div><div class=\"post-simple post-capital-letter\"><p>Water management in what is now New Mexico dates back to at least 800 A.D., to the <a href=\"https:\/\/online.nmartmuseum.org\/nmhistory\/people-places-and-politics\/water\/history-water.html#:~:text=By%2520the%2520turn%2520of%2520the,well%2520into%2520the%252021st%2520century.\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/online.nmartmuseum.org\/nmhistory\/people-places-and-politics\/water\/history-water.html#:~:text=By%2520the%2520turn%2520of%2520the,well%2520into%2520the%252021st%2520century.\">Pueblo people<\/a>, who used gravity-fed irrigation ditches for their crops. The acequia system, which arrived with Spanish colonizers in the 1600s, is not merely hydrological. It is political, even philosophical.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"post-simple\">\n<\/div><div class=\"post-image-caption align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/250428-deep-dish-april-2025-climate-resilient-farming-11-acequia-illustration-credit-jerold-widdison-utton-center-unm.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/250428-deep-dish-april-2025-climate-resilient-farming-11-acequia-illustration-credit-jerold-widdison-utton-center-unm.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of how acequias work and flow from a diversion dam to fields and towns. (Illustration credit: Jerold Widdison for the Utton Center at the University of New Mexico)\"><\/a><div class=\"post-caption\"><p>An illustration of how acequias work. (Illustration credit: Jerold Widdison for the Utton Center at the University of New Mexico)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"post-simple\">\n<p>The word <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianeducation.org\/scitech\/impacto\/text2\/rio\/english\/natural_acequias.html\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianeducation.org\/scitech\/impacto\/text2\/rio\/english\/natural_acequias.html\">acequia<\/a>\u2014from the Arabic word \u201cas-saquiya,\u201d which means \u201cthat which carries water\u201d\u2014was used to describe the irrigation ditches that evolved in the Middle East and were introduced to the Iberian Peninsula during the Islamic Golden Age. In New Mexico, these systems were often put in place even before a church was built.<\/p>\n<p>Acequias operate under the principle of \u201cshared scarcity,\u201d rooted in Islamic law, whereby every living thing has a right to water, and to deny them water is a mortal sin. Water is thus treated as a communal resource to be shared, rather than divvied up and contested.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey all share something in common, which is community governance,\u201d Pe\u00f1a said. \u201cIt\u2019s a water democracy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>An acequia is both a physical canal system and a <a href=\"https:\/\/uttoncenter.unm.edu\/resources\/research-resources\/acequias.pdf\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/uttoncenter.unm.edu\/resources\/research-resources\/acequias.pdf\">political structure<\/a>, which includes an elected mayordomo, or ditch boss, along with commissioners who govern management and operations. Acequias are self-sufficient and collectively owned by members, each with water rights to the ditch and an equal vote regardless of property size.<\/p>\n<p>The Spanish built acequias throughout the Southwest, but most in Arizona and California were abandoned or replaced by modern irrigation systems. In Texas, a few remain, including the San Antonio Mission Acequias.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur ancestors and predecessors created a cultural landscape and spread a broad ribbon of life that is an extension of the river,\u201d said Paula Garcia, executive director of the grassroots <a href=\"https:\/\/lasacequias.org\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/lasacequias.org\/\">New Mexico Acequia Association<\/a>. \u201cThey have literally shaped the landscape.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Acequias are central to the system\u2019s resilience and adaptability, New Mexico State University hydrologist Sam Fernald said. \u201cBy having people on the ground, connected to every drop, they are able to adapt,&#8221; he said. &#8220;They have been adapting to changes in water and land for 400 years.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Unlike conventional irrigation systems, the physical design of the acequias <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.nmsu.edu\/acequias\/index.html\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/pubs.nmsu.edu\/acequias\/index.html\">mimics<\/a> natural hydrological and ecological functions, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.nmsu.edu\/water\/WTF2\/index.html\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/pubs.nmsu.edu\/water\/WTF2\/index.html\">slowly distributing<\/a> water throughout the landscape through unlined ditches that allow seepage. This \u201ckeeps surface and groundwater connected,\u201d Fernald said, recharging the aquifer, reducing evaporation and aridification, enhancing biodiversity, and returning flows to the river.<\/p>\n<h4><b>A Model for Modern Times<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/div><div class=\"post-simple post-capital-letter\"><p>Modern management of rivers for commercial agriculture has reduced this connectivity through channelization, levees, and dams. These have stopped streams and rivers from meandering into the floodplain, reducing aquifer recharge and late-season groundwater return.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"post-simple\">\n<p>But the modern system is under stress, as a changing climate reduces mountain snowpack, the main source of Western water. Snowpack acts as a water bank that holds frozen water in the mountains into the spring and releases it throughout the summer. Changing climate patterns also mean shifts in melt patterns, and all of this makes managing water flows through dams a challenge.<\/p>\n<div class=\"post-quote\"><p>\u201cThey all share something in common, which is community governance. It\u2019s a water democracy.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adding to the uncertainty, the Trump administration is making cuts to the Interior Department\u2019s Bureau of Reclamation, which manages dams, and President Donald Trump has shown a willingness to demand water releases himself, as he did <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/environment\/story\/2025-02-03\/trump-administration-dams-release-water\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/environment\/story\/2025-02-03\/trump-administration-dams-release-water\">recently<\/a> with two dams in California, to the consternation of farmers and water managers.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe acequias and Rio Grande have given life, food, and shelter to people and wildlife, but they\u2019re at risk if we don\u2019t value and better adapt these systems and ecosystems for future conditions,\u201d said Yasmeen Najmi, a planner for Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District, which helps manage irrigation in the valley, including the acequias.<\/p>\n<p>Industrial agriculture <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-024-02170-4\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-024-02170-4\">exacerbates<\/a> climate change through its use of synthetic fertilizers, whose production generates <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucs.org\/resources\/whats-wrong-fossil-fuel-based-fertilizer%2525252523:~:text=The%25252525252520fertilizer%25252525252520industry%25252525252520is%25252525252520responsible,for%25252525252520dental%25252525252520and%25252525252520medical%25252525252520procedures.\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.ucs.org\/resources\/whats-wrong-fossil-fuel-based-fertilizer%2525252523:~:text=The%25252525252520fertilizer%25252525252520industry%25252525252520is%25252525252520responsible,for%25252525252520dental%25252525252520and%25252525252520medical%25252525252520procedures.\">significant fossil-fuel emissions<\/a>, and soil tillage, which disrupts soil\u2019s ability to <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8539297\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8539297\/\">capture carbon<\/a>. According to Jos\u00e9 Maria Mart\u00edn Civantos, an expert in landscape archaeology at the University of Granada, in Spain, this kind of agriculture is \u201cliterally building the desert.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>By contrast, traditional irrigation systems like acequias enhance water quality, expand wildlife habitat, increase soil fertility, and\u2014crucially\u2014support highly productive food systems.<\/p>\n<p>After New Mexico was ceded to the U.S. in 1848, Americans quickly recognized the productivity of acequia agriculture, said Sylvia Rodriguez, an anthropologist and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unmpress.com\/9781930618558\/acequia\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.unmpress.com\/9781930618558\/acequia\/\">author<\/a> who grew up in an acequia community in Taos, New Mexico. \u201cAmerican takeover incorporated the acequia system into the state statutes because it was so efficient. Local management is hard to improve on,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<h4><b>Acequia Soil and Community<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/div><div class=\"post-simple post-capital-letter\"><p>The San Luis Valley, along with many other high desert communities, would look markedly different without its acequia. Nestled at the base of the San Juan and Sangre De Cristo mountains, this region is the driest in Colorado, receiving only seven inches of rain annually.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"post-simple\">\n<\/div><div class=\"post-image-caption align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/MMY-Interns-2021-10.jpeg\" rel=\"lightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/MMY-Interns-2021-10.jpeg\" alt=\"A group of young people standing in a field of rows of corn\"><\/a><div class=\"post-caption\"><p>Youth interns from the Move Mountains Project harvesting corn in Colorado&#8217;s San Luis Valley. (Photo courtesy of the Move Mountains Project)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"post-simple\">\n<p>In an acequia community, land-based ecological knowledge is passed down through generations along with time-tested practices such as companion cropping, crop rotation, seed-saving, fire ecology, and agroforestry. \u201cLiterally all the tenets of regenerative agriculture that were here well before anyone was talking about it,\u201d Pe\u00f1a said. Many of these practices originated with Indigenous farmers.<\/p>\n<p>Sustainable acequia irrigation regenerates the soil horizon, bringing mineral and sediment-rich water from the mountains to the fields. While acequias remain the primary irrigator in northern and central New Mexico, small-scale farming has declined in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fb.org\/market-intel\/over-140-000-farms-lost-in-5-years\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/www.fb.org\/market-intel\/over-140-000-farms-lost-in-5-years\">the region<\/a> through massive economic restructuring, depopulation of rural areas, and the move from diversified crops to monocultures.<\/p>\n<p>Today, few farmers grow food in the region. \u201cWe\u2019ve become an alfalfa monoculture and beef export colony,\u201d said Pe\u00f1a. \u201cWe need to transform farming back to polyculture.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For Pe\u00f1a, local water management improves soil and crops. But it also means self-determination when it comes to healthy food. On the Acequia Institute\u2019s 181-acre farm, Pe\u00f1a and others are reviving traditional farming practices and crops such as heirloom corn, beans, and squash.<\/p>\n<div class=\"post-image-caption align-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Heirloom-maize-varieties.jpeg\" rel=\"lightbox\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/civileats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Heirloom-maize-varieties.jpeg\" alt=\"a close up of colorful heirloom corn on the cobs\"><\/a><div class=\"post-caption\"><p>Heirloom varieties of corn grown as part of the acequia system. (Photo courtesy of the Move Mountains Project)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>The institute also provides no-interest loans to acequia farmers who are paid by the acre instead of by yield. Farmers have access to youth interns through the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.movemountainsprojects.org\/?fbclid=IwY2xjawGaH7JleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHeYS1pqgGzEMJShTCfwhf7IyKUvqxCOeORABRgut1eM14n93arFxZEg-ZQ_aem_GQ5g56ziD5deEChIZfC2FA\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.movemountainsprojects.org\/?fbclid=IwY2xjawGaH7JleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHeYS1pqgGzEMJShTCfwhf7IyKUvqxCOeORABRgut1eM14n93arFxZEg-ZQ_aem_GQ5g56ziD5deEChIZfC2FA\">Move Mountains Project<\/a>, aimed at creating \u201cthe next generation of farmers,\u201d Pe\u00f1a said.<\/p>\n<p>In 2022, the Acequia Institute purchased R&amp;R Market, the oldest grocery store in Colorado, which was going to close. The institute is converting the space into a worker-led community co-op, a place to distribute the bounty of the acequia system.<\/p>\n<p>The market, now renamed <a href=\"https:\/\/sanluispeoplesmarket.org\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/sanluispeoplesmarket.org\/\">The San Luis Peoples Market<\/a>, will reopen in late April and include a grocer, deli, commercial kitchen, community center, and market featuring produce from acequia farmers in the valley. In the years to come, Pe\u00f1a plans to open a second commercial kitchen, a USDA-certified slaughterhouse, and a solar-powered greenhouse.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI know we&#8217;re going to bring healthy food and nutrition to the community,\u201d Pe\u00f1a said, as the storm clouds above Culebra Peak cleared. \u201cThe model is, we don\u2019t want to go outside the valley.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='ctx-module-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix'><\/div><span class=\"ctx-article-root\"><!-- --><\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A version of this article originally appeared in The Deep Dish, our members-only newsletter.\u00a0Become a member today\u00a0and get the next issue directly in your inbox. Below, rows of long, narrow fields extended from Culebra Creek toward a man-made channel, the main artery of the valley\u2019s centuries-old \u201cacequia\u201d irrigation system. This was the \u201cPeople\u2019s Ditch,\u201d a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1347,"featured_media":63711,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3255,4146,4479,43565,11114],"tags":[],"coauthors":[43522],"class_list":["post-63608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agroecology","category-climate","category-farming","category-planting-the-seeds-of-justice","category-water"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.6 (Yoast SEO v25.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>An Ancient Irrigation System Could Help Farmers Manage Water | Civil Eats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The arid Southwest has a proven irrigation model, the acequia, for water use that is local, democratic, and resilient to heat and drought.\" 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